Aburto JM, Villavicencio F, Basellini U, Kjærgaard S, Vaupel JW. Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(10):5250–9.
Google Scholar
Alemayehu B, Warner KE. The lifetime distribution of health care costs. Health Serv Res. 2004;39(3):627–42.
Google Scholar
Andersen JS, de Fine Olivarius N, Krasnik A. The Danish National Health Service Register. Scand J Public Health Suppl. 2011;39:34–7.
Google Scholar
Arendt JN. The demand for health care by the poor under universal health care coverage. J Hum Cap. 2012;6(4):316–35.
Google Scholar
Asaria M, Doran T, Cookson R. The costs of inequality: Whole-population modelling study of lifetime inpatient hospital costs in the English National Health Service by level of neighbourhood deprivation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(10):990–6.
Google Scholar
Bhattacharya J, Hyde T, Tu P. Health Economics. Macmillan International Higher Education; 2013.
Bonferroni C. Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilita. Pubbl R Ist Super Sci Econ Commericiali Firenze. 1936;8:3–62.
Cairns AJG, Kallestrup-Lamb M, Rosenskjold C, Blake D, Dowd K. Modelling Socio-Economic Differences In Mortality Using A New Affluence Index. ASTIN Bull. 2019;49(3):555–90.
Google Scholar
Canning D. Axiomatic foundations for cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Econ. 2013;22(12):1405–16.
Google Scholar
Carreras M, Ibern P, Coderch J, Sánchez I, Inoriza JM. Estimating lifetime healthcare costs with morbidity data. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):440.
Google Scholar
Carro JM, Traferri A. State dependence and heterogeneity in health using a bias-corrected fixed-effects estimator. J Appl Econ. 2014;29(2):181–207.
Google Scholar
Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(49):15078–83.
Google Scholar
Chandra A, Skinner J. Technology growth and expenditure growth in health care. J Econ Lit. 2012;50(3):645–80.
Google Scholar
Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S, Lin S, Scuderi B, Turner N, et al. The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014. JAMA. 2016;315(16):1750–66.
Google Scholar
Chiang CL. A stochastic study of the life table and its applications: II. Sample variance of the observed expectation of life and other biometric functions. Hum Biol. 1960;32(3):221–38.
Christensen BJ, Gørtz M, Kallestrup-Lamb M. Medical Spending in Denmark. Fisc Stud. 2016;37(3–4):461–97.
Google Scholar
Conti G, Ginja R. Who Benefits from Free Health Insurance? J Hum Resour. 2023;58(1):146–82.
Google Scholar
Contoyannis P, Jones AM, Rice N. The dynamics of health in the British Household Panel Survey. J Appl Econom. 2004;19(4):473–503.
Google Scholar
Cookson R, Propper C, Asaria M, Raine R. Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health Care in England. Fisc Stud. 2016;37(3–4):371–403.
Google Scholar
Cookson R, Skarda I, Cotton-Barratt O, Adler M, Asaria M, Ord T. Quality adjusted life years based on health and consumption: A summary wellbeing measure for cross-sectoral economic evaluation. Health Econ. 2020;30:70–85.
Google Scholar
Dahl GB, Kreiner CT, Nielsen TH, Serena BL. Understanding the Rise in Life Expectancy Inequality. Rev Econ Stat. 2021;106:1–33.
Danish Economic Council. Dansk Økonomi, Efterår 2009. Report, De Økonomiske Råd; 2009.
Danmark S. Årsrapport 2012. Sygeforsikring Danmark: Report; 2012.
Davillas A, Pudney S. Using biomarkers to predict healthcare costs: Evidence from a UK household panel. J Health Econ. 2020;73:102356.
Google Scholar
de Boer WI, Buskens E, Koning RH, Mierau JO. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and health care costs: A population-wide study in the Netherlands. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(6):927–33.
Google Scholar
De Nardi M, French E, Jones JB. Medicaid insurance in old age. Am Econ Rev. 2016;106(11):3480–520.
Google Scholar
Deaton A. The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy. World Bank Publications; 2019.
Dickman SL, Woolhandler S, Bor J, McCormick D, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU. Health spending for low-, middle-, and high-income Americans, 1963–2012. Health Aff. 2016;35(7):1189–96.
Google Scholar
Efron B. Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Ann Stat. 1979;7(1):1–26.
Google Scholar
Einav L, Finkelstein A, Mullainathan S, Obermeyer Z. Predictive modeling of US health care spending in late life. Science. 2018;360(6396):1462–5.
Google Scholar
Epstein AM, Stern RS, Weissman JS. Do the poor cost more? A multihospital study of patients’ socioeconomic status and use of hospital resources. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(16):1122–8.
Google Scholar
Fahle S, McGarry K, Skinner J. Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenditures in the United States: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. Fisc Stud. 2016;37(3–4):785–819.
Google Scholar
Fernald LC, Kariger P, Hidrobo M, Gertler PJ. Socioeconomic gradients in child development in very young children: Evidence from India, Indonesia, Peru, and Senegal. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(Supplement 2):17273–80.
Google Scholar
Forget EL, Roos LL, Deber RB, Walld R. Variations in lifetime healthcare costs across a population. Healthc Policy. 2008;4(1):e148.
Google Scholar
Frederick CB, Snellman K, Putnam RD. Increasing socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(4):1338–42.
Google Scholar
FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. Danish Kroner to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=AZAX. Accessed 22 Sep 2014.
French E, Jones JB. On the distribution and dynamics of health care costs. J Appl Econ. 2004;19(6):705–21.
Google Scholar
French E, Kelly E. Medical spending around the developed world. Fisc Stud. 2016;37(3–4):327–44.
Google Scholar
French E, Jones JB, Kelly E, McCauley J. Chapter 24 – End-of-life medical expenses. In: Ferraro KF, Carr D, editors. Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (Ninth Edition). 9th ed. Academic Press; 2021. p. 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815970-5.00024-3.
Google Scholar
Fries JF, Bruce B, Chakravarty E. Compression of morbidity 1980–2011: A focused review of paradigms and progress. J Aging Res. 2011;2011.
Fries JF. The compression of morbidity. Milbank Memorial Fund Q Health Soc. 1983;61:397–419.
Google Scholar
Goldman N, Glei DA, Weinstein M. Declining mental health among disadvantaged Americans. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(28):7290–5.
Google Scholar
Gregersen FA. The impact of ageing on health care expenditures: A study of steepening. Eur J Health Econ. 2014;15(9):979–89.
Google Scholar
Hartman M, Catlin A, Lassman D, Cylus J, Heffler S. US Health Spending By Age, Selected Years Through 2004: Recent trends indicate that per person spending for the oldest elderly is growing more slowly than spending for all other age groups. Health Aff. 2007;26(Suppl2):w1–12.
Google Scholar
Hogan C, Lunney J, Gabel J, Lynn J. Medicare beneficiaries’ costs of care in the last year of life. Health Aff. 2001;20(4):188–95.
Google Scholar
Horowitz JL. Bootstrap methods in econometrics. Ann Rev Econ. 2019;11(1):193–224.
Google Scholar
Hughes D, Doheny S. Doing evidence-based medicine? How NHS managers ration high-cost drugs. Soc Sci Med. 2019;235.
Hurd MD, Michaud PC, Rohwedder S. Distribution of lifetime nursing home use and of out-of-pocket spending. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(37):9838–42.
Google Scholar
Hvidberg MF, Frølich A, Lundstrøm SL. Catalogue of socioeconomic disparities and characteristics of 199+ chronic conditions—A nationwide register-based population study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278380.
Google Scholar
Jalovaara M, Neyer G, Andersson G, Dahlberg J, Dommermuth L, Fallesen P, et al. Education, gender, and cohort fertility in the Nordic countries. Eur J Popul. 2019;35:563–86.
Google Scholar
Jones AM, Schurer S. How does heterogeneity shape the socioeconomic gradient in health satisfaction? J Appl Econ. 2011;26(4):549–79.
Google Scholar
Kallestrup-Lamb M, Kjærgaard S, Rosenskjold CP. Insight into stagnating adult life expectancy: Analyzing cause of death patterns across socioeconomic groups. Health Econ. 2020;29(12):1728–43.
Google Scholar
Kallestrup-Lamb M, Marin AOK, Wejse KK. The Heterogeneity of Health Dynamics. Aarhus University; 2024.
Kildemoes HW, Sørensen HT, Hallas J. The Danish National Prescription Registry. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7_suppl):38–41.
Kreiner CT, Nielsen TH, Serena BL. Role of income mobility for the measurement of inequality in life expectancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(46):11754–9.
Google Scholar
Lubitz J, Cai L, Kramarow E, Lentzner H. Health, life expectancy, and health care spending among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(11):1048–55.
Google Scholar
Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam AJR, Schaap MM, Menvielle G, Leinsalu M, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(23):2468–81.
Google Scholar
Mackenbach JP, Hu Y, Artnik B, Bopp M, Costa G, Kalediene R, et al. Trends in inequalities in mortality amenable to health care in 17 European countries. Health Aff. 2017;36(6):1110–8.
Google Scholar
Mackenbach JP, Valverde JR, Artnik B, Bopp M, Brønnum-Hansen H, Deboosere P, et al. Trends in health inequalities in 27 European countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(25):6440–5.
Google Scholar
Marmot MG, Stansfeld S, Patel C, North F, Head J, White I, et al. Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II study. Lancet. 1991;337(8754):1387–93.
Google Scholar
Meara E, White C, Cutler DM. Trends in medical spending by age, 1963–2000. Health Aff. 2004;23(4):176–83.
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health. Healthcare in Denmark: An overview. Ministry of Health; 2017.
Møller FS, Frølander A. Førstegangsfødende er blevet ældre. DST Analyse, Statistics Denmark; 2023. Accessed 23 Aug 2024.
Moon S, Park HJ, Sohn M. The impact of long-term care service on total lifetime medical expenditure among older adults with dementia. Soc Sci Med. 2021;280:114072.
Google Scholar
Mortensen LH, Rehnberg J, Dahl E, Diderichsen F, Elstad JI, Martikainen P, et al. Shape of the association between income and mortality: A cohort study of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1995 and 2003. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12):e010974.
Google Scholar
Nolasco A, Quesada JA, Moncho J, Melchor I, Pereyra-Zamora P, Tamayo-Fonseca N, et al. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in amenable mortality in urban areas of Spanish cities, 1996–2007. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1–12.
Google Scholar
OECD. Denmark: Country Health Profile 2019. Technical report, OECD; 2019.
OECD. Health expenditure and financing. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-data.htm. Accessed 2 May 2024.
OECD. Health expenditure indicators. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00349-en. Accessed 22 Sept 2014.
OECD. Inflation (CPI). https://data.oecd.org/price/inflation-cpi.htm. Accessed 22 Sep 2014.
Olejaz M, Juul Nielsen A, Rudkjøbing A, Okkels Birk H, Krasnik A, Hernández-Quevedo C. Denmark: Health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2012;14(2):i–xxii, 1–192.
Orueta JF, García-Álvarez A, Alonso-Morán E, Vallejo-Torres L, Nuño-Solinis R. Socioeconomic variation in the burden of chronic conditions and health care provision-analyzing administrative individual level data from the Basque Country. Spain BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1–11.
Region of Northern Jutland. Pregnant women without a residential address in Denmark: Price estimates. 2024. https://rn.dk/graviditet-priser?accordion-expand-all=true. Accessed 23 Aug 2024.
Romano JP, Wolf M. Exact and approximate stepdown methods for multiple hypothesis testing. J Am Stat Assoc. 2005;100(469):94–108.
Google Scholar
Romano JP, Wolf M. Stepwise multiple testing as formalized data snooping. Econometrica. 2005;73(4):1237–82.
Google Scholar
Rosella L, Kornas K, Huang A, Bornbaum C, Henry D, Wodchis WP. Accumulation of chronic conditions at the time of death increased in Ontario from 1994 to 2013. Health Aff. 2018;37(3):464–72.
Google Scholar
Rosenthal MB, Smith LE. Health care spending by high-income countries, 1980–2011. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(5):e7.
Saito M, Aida J, Kondo N, Saito J, Kato H, Ota Y, et al. Reduced long-term care cost by social participation among older Japanese adults: A prospective follow-up study in JAGES. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3):e024439.
Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Sandegaard JL, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT. The Danish National Patient Registry: A review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:449.
Google Scholar
Steinbrook R. The prescription-drug problem. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):790.
Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Leading a meaningful life at older ages and its relationship with social engagement, prosperity, health, biology, and time use. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116(4):1207–12.
Google Scholar
Steptoe A, Wardle J. Life skills, wealth, health, and wellbeing in later life. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(17):4354–9.
Google Scholar
Steptoe A, Zaninotto P. Lower socioeconomic status and the acceleration of aging: An outcome-wide analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(26):14911–7.
Google Scholar
Student. The probable error of a mean. Biometrika. 1908;6:1–25.
Sundhedsdatastyrelsen. Takstsystem 2019. DRG og Finansiering; 2019.
UNESCO IfS. International standard classification of education: ISCED 2011. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal; 2012.
van Kippersluis H, O’Donnell O, van Doorslaer E. Long-Run Returns to Education: Does Schooling Lead to an Extended Old Age? J Hum Resour. 2011;46(4):695–721.
Wammes JJG, van der Wees PJ, Tanke MA, Westert GP, Jeurissen PP. Systematic review of high-cost patients’ characteristics and healthcare utilisation. BMJ Open. 2018;8(9):e023113.
Welch BL. The generalization of student’s’ problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika. 1947;34(1/2):28–35.
Google Scholar
WHO. A System of Health Accounts 2011 Revised edition: Revised edition. OECD Publishing; 2017.
WHO. Current health expenditure pct. of GDP. 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=DK. Accessed 14 Dec 2020.
WHO. Global Health Expenditure Database. 2020. https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en. Accessed 18 Nov 2020.
White C. Health care spending growth: How different is the United States from the rest of the OECD? Health Aff. 2007;26(1):154–61.
Google Scholar
Williams G, Cylus J, Roubal T, Ong P, Barber S, Organization WH, et al. Sustainable health financing with an ageing population: Will population ageing lead to uncontrolled health expenditure growth? World Health Organization; 2019.
Wong A, Wouterse B, Slobbe LC, Boshuizen HC, Polder JJ. Medical innovation and age-specific trends in health care utilization: Findings and implications. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(2):263–72.
Google Scholar
Wong A, Boshuizen H, Polder J, Ferreira JA. Assessing the inequality of lifetime healthcare expenditures: A nearest neighbour resampling approach. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2017;180(1):141–60.
Google Scholar
Wouterse B, Hussem A, Wong A. The risk protection and redistribution effects of long-term care co-payments. J Risk Insur. 2022;89(1):161–86.
Google Scholar
Yang W, Dall TM, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Arday DR, Dorn PW, et al. Simulation of quitting smoking in the military shows higher lifetime medical spending more than offset by productivity gains. Health Aff. 2012;31(12):2717–26.
Google Scholar