Starr P. (eds) The Social Transformation of American Medicine (Basic Books, 2017).
Rosenberg C. E. (eds) The Care of Strangers : The Rise of America’s Hospital System (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
Sorenson, C., Drummond, M. & Bhuiyan Khan, B. Medical technology as a key driver of rising health expenditure: disentangling the relationship. Clinicoecon. Outcomes Res. 5, 223–234 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kisacky, J. An architectural history of US community hospitals. AMA. J. Ethics 21, E288–E296 (2019).
Google Scholar
Brennan, T. A. et al. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients – results of the harvard medical practice study I. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 370–376 (1991).
Google Scholar
Lefevre, F. et al. Iatrogenic complications in high-risk, elderly patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 152, 2074–2080 (1992).
Google Scholar
Hirsch, C. H., Sommers, L., Olsen, A., Mullen, L. & Winograd, C. H. The natural history of functional morbidity in hospitalized older patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 38, 1296–1303 (1990).
Google Scholar
Creditor, M. C. Hazards of hospitalization of the elderly. Ann. Intern. Med .118, 219–223 (1993).
Google Scholar
Loyd, C. et al. Prevalence of hospital-asociated disability in older adults: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc. 21, 455–61 e5 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bates, D. W. et al. The safety of inpatient health care. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 142–153 (2023).
Google Scholar
Services CfMM. National Health Expenditure Fact Sheet. https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data/nhe-fact-sheet (2023).
Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Henein, M., Gaid, D., Le Berre, M., Gore, G. & Vedel, I. Hospital-at-home interventions vs in-hospital stay for patients with chronic disease who present to the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. Netw. Open 4, e2111568 (2021).
Google Scholar
Topol, E. J. et al. A randomized controlled trial of hospital discharge three days after myocardial infarction in the era of reperfusion. N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 1083–1088 (1988).
Google Scholar
Damiani, G., Pinnarelli, L., Sommella, L., Vena, V., Magrini, P. & Ricciardi, W. The short stay unit as a new option for hospitals: a review of the scientific literature. Med. Sci. Monit. 17, SR15–SR19 (2011).
Google Scholar
Siddique, S. M. et al. Reducing hospital admissions for paracentesis: a quality improvement intervention. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 2630–3.e2 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lim, A. K. H., De Silva, M. L., Wang, R. S. H., Nicholson, A. J. & Rogers, B. A. Observational study of the incidence and factors associated with patient readmission from home-based care under the hospital in the home programme. Intern. Med. J. 51, 1497–1504 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shepperd, S. et al. Is comprehensive geriatric assessment admission avoidance hospital at home an alternative to hospital admission for older persons : a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 174, 889–898 (2021).
Google Scholar
Miro, O. et al. Frequency, profile and outcomes of patients with acute heart failure transferred directly to home hospitalization from emergency departments. Rev. Clin. Esp. (Barc.) 221, 1–8 (2021).
Google Scholar
Jakobsen, A. S. et al. Home-based telehealth hospitalization for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from “the virtual hospital” trial. Telemed. J. E. Health 21, 364–373 (2015).
Google Scholar
Aimonino Ricauda, N. et al. Substitutive “hospital at home” versus inpatient care for elderly patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized, controlled trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56, 493–500 (2008).
Google Scholar
Vianello, A. et al. “Hospital at home” for neuromuscular disease patients with respiratory tract infection: a pilot study. Respir. Care 58, 2061–2068 (2013).
Google Scholar
Tibaldi, V. et al. Hospital at home for elderly patients with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 169, 1569–1575 (2009).
Google Scholar
Davies, L., Wilkinson, M., Bonner, S., Calverley, P. M. & Angus, R. M. Hospital at home” versus hospital care in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prospective randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 321, 1265–1268 (2000).
Google Scholar
Montalto, M. The 500-bed hospital that isn’t there: the victorian department of health review of the hospital in the home program. Med. J. Aust. 193, 598–601 (2010).
Google Scholar
Montalto, M., McElduff, P. & Hardy, K. Home ward bound: features of hospital in the home use by major Australian hospitals, 2011-2017. Med. J. Aust. 213, 22–27 (2020).
Google Scholar
Leff, B., Burton, L., Guido, S., Greenough, W. B., Steinwachs, D. & Burton, J. R. Home hospital program: a pilot study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 47, 697–702 (1999).
Google Scholar
Leff, B. et al. Hospital at home: feasibility and outcomes of a program to provide hospital-level care at home for acutely ill older patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 143, 798–808 (2005).
Google Scholar
Leff, B. et al. Satisfaction with hospital at home care. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54, 1355–1363 (2006).
Google Scholar
Leff, B. et al. Comparison of stress experienced by family members of patients treated in hospital at home with that of those receiving traditional acute hospital care. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56, 117–123 (2008).
Google Scholar
Leff, B. et al. Comparison of functional outcomes associated with hospital at home care and traditional acute hospital care. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 57, 273–278 (2009).
Google Scholar
Frick, K. D. et al. Substitutive hospital at home for older persons: effects on costs. Am. J. Manag. Care 15, 49–56 (2009).
Google Scholar
Eron, L., King, P., Marineau, M. & Yonehara, C. Treating acute infections by telemedicine in the home. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 1175–1181 (2004).
Google Scholar
Summerfelt, W. T., Sulo, S., Robinson, A., Chess, D. & Catanzano, K. Scalable hospital at home with virtual physician visits: pilot study. Am. J. Manag. Care 21, 675–684 (2015).
Google Scholar
Freiburger, G., Holcomb, M. & Piper, D. The STARPAHC collection: part of an archive of the history of telemedicine. J. Telemed. Telecare 13, 221–223 (2007).
Google Scholar
Al-Rousan, M., Al-Ali, A. R. & Eberlein, A. Remote patient monitoring and information system. Int. J. Electron Health 2, 231–249 (2006).
Google Scholar
Lu, L. et al. Wearable health devices in health care: narrative systematic review. JMIR. Mhealth Uhealth 8, e18907 (2020).
Google Scholar
Perez, A. J. & Zeadally, S. Recent advances in wearable sensing technologies. Sens. (Basel) 21, 6828 (2021).
Google Scholar
Vogels E. About one-in-five Americans use a Smart Watch or Fitness Tracker. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/09/about-one-in-five-americans-use-a-smart-watch-or-fitness-tracker/ (2023).
Xu, S., Kim, J., Walter, J. R., Ghaffari, R. & Rogers, J. A. Translational gaps and opportunities for medical wearables in digital health. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabn6036 (2022).
Google Scholar
Xu, S., Jayaraman, A. & Rogers, J. A. Skin sensors are the future of health care. Nature 571, 319–321 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yazdi, D., Patel, S., Ozonat, K., Fudim, M., Smith, S. & Centen, C. Feasibility of a cardiac scale in measuring blood pressure. J. Cardiovasc Transl. Res. 15, 1212–1214 (2022).
Google Scholar
Topol, E. J., Steinhubl, S. R. & Torkamani, A. Digital medical tools and sensors. JAMAA. 313, 353–354 (2015).
Google Scholar
Adapa, A., Nah, F. F.-H., Hall, R. H., Siau, K. L. & Smith, S. N. Factors influencing the adoption of smart wearable devices. Int. J. Hum.–Comput. Interact. 34, 399–409 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jardine, J., Fisher, J. & Carrick, B. Apple’s researchKit: smart data collection for the smartphone era. J. R. Soc. Med. 108, 294–296 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ali, Y. & Khan, H. U. A survey on harnessing the applications of mobile computing in healthcare during the COVID-19 pndemic: challenges and solutions. Comput. Netw. 224, 109605 (2023).
Google Scholar
Falter, M., Budts, W., Goetschalckx, K., Cornelissen, V. & Buys, R. Accuracy of apple watch measurements for heart rate and energy expenditure in patients with cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional study. JMIR. mHealth uHealth 7, e11889 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jim, H. S. L. et al. Innovations in research and clinical care using patient-generated health data. CA. Cancer J. Clin. 70, 182–199 (2020).
Google Scholar
Griffin, A. C. et al. Clinical, technical and implementation characteristics of real-world health applications using FHIR. JAMIA. Open 5, ooac077 (2022).
Google Scholar
Radin, J. M. et al. Assessment of prolonged physiological and behavioral changes associated with COVID-19 infection. JAMA. Netw. Open 4, e2115959 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gadaleta, M. et al. Passive detection of COVID-19 with wearable sensors and explainable machine learning algorithms. NPJ. Digit Med. 4, 166 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pandit, J. A., Radin, J. M., Quer, G. & Topol, E. J. Smartphone apps in the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat. Biotechnol. 40, 1013–1022 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jimenez-Rodriguez, D., Santillan Garcia, A., Montoro Robles, J., Rodriguez Salvador, M. D. M., Munoz Ronda, F. J. & Arrogante, O. Increase in video consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic: healthcare professionals’ perceptions about their implementation and adequate management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 5112 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ansary, A. M., Martinez, J. N. & Scott, J. D. The virtual physical exam in the 21st century. J. Telemed. Telecare 27, 382–392 (2021).
Google Scholar
Miyamoto, Y. et al. Hospital at home for elderly COVID-19 patients: a preliminary report with 100 patients. J. Clin. Med. 11, 1850 (2022).
Google Scholar
Heller, D. J. et al. Adapting a hospital-at-home care model to respond to New York city’s COVID-19 crisis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 68, 1915–1916 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sitammagari, K. et al. Insights from rapid deployment of a “virtual hospital” as standard care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann. Intern. Med. 174, 192–199 (2021).
Google Scholar
Batt, R. & Appelbaum, E. The new hospital-at-home movement: opportunity or threat for patient care. Public Policy Aging Rep. 33, 63–69 (2023).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. et al. Initial findings from an acute hospital care at home waiver initiative. JAMA. Health Forum 4, e233667 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chou, S. H. et al. Factors associated with risk for care escalation among patients with COVID-19 receiving home-based hospital care. Ann. Intern. Med. 174, 1188–1191 (2021).
Google Scholar
Siu, A. L. et al. Health equity in hospital at home: outcomes for economically disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 70, 2153–2156 (2022).
Google Scholar
Hernandez, C. et al. Hospital-level care at home for patients with acute respiratory disease: a aescriptive analysis. Chest 163, 891–901 (2023).
Google Scholar
Levine, D. M. et al. Remote vs in-home physician visits for hospital-level care at home: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. Netw. Open 5, e2229067 (2022).
Google Scholar
Liu, T. L. et al. Evaluating racial/ethnic differences in care escalation among COVID-19 patients in a home-based hospital. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 10, 817–825 (2023).
Google Scholar
Paulson, M. R. et al. Implementation of a virtual and in-person hybrid hospital-at-home model in two geographically separate regions utilizing a single command center: a descriptive cohort study. BMC. Health Serv. Res. 23, 139 (2023).
Google Scholar
Services CfMM. Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) https://www.cms.gov/medicare/payment/prospective-payment-systems/acute-inpatient-pps/hospital-readmissions-reduction-program-hrrp (2023).
Subbiah, V. The next generation of evidence-based medicine. Nat. Med. 29, 49–58 (2023).
Google Scholar
Moor, M. et al. Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature 616, 259–265 (2023).
Google Scholar
Burde, H. Health law the hitech act-an overview. Virtual Mentor 13, 172–175 (2011).
Google Scholar
Pawelek, J., Baca-Motes, K., Pandit, J. A., Berk, B. B. & Ramos, E. The power of patient engagement with electronic health records as research participants. JMIR Med. Inf. 10, e39145 (2022).
Google Scholar
Dinh-Le, C., Chuang, R., Chokshi, S. & Mann, D. Wearable health technology and electronic health record integration: scoping review and future directions. JMIR. Mhealth Uhealth 7, e12861 (2019).
Google Scholar
Thompson H. Remote monitoring of patients in France moves into the mainstream. The Connexion (4 July 2023).
Miller, H. D. From volume to value: better ways to pay for health care. Health Aff. (Millwood) 28, 1418–1428 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ohannessian, R., Duong, T. A. & Odone, A. Global telemedicine implementation and integration within health systems to fight the COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action. JMIR. Public Health Surveill. 6, e18810 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vilendrer, S. et al. Rapid deployment of inpatient telemedicine in response to COVID-19 across three health systems. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 27, 1102–1109 (2020).
Google Scholar